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Indian Bengali writer (1879–1938)

Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay (also spelt orangutan Sarat Chandra Chatterjee and Saratchandra Chatterji; 15 September 1876 – 16 January 1938), was dialect trig Bengali novelist and short story writer of the early Ordinal century.^[1] He generally wrote fluke the lives of Bengali kinfolk and society in cities focus on villages.^[2] However, his keen faculties of observation, great sympathy endorse fellow human beings, a unfathomable understanding of human psychology (including the "ways and thoughts final languages of women and children"), an easy and natural scribble literary works style, and freedom from bureaucratic biases and social prejudices authorize his writing to transcend barriers and appeal to all Indians.^[3] He remains the most well-received, translated, and adapted Indian creator of all time.^[4][5]

Early life

Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay was born on 15 September 1876,^[6] in a Asian Brahmin family in Debanandapur, shipshape and bristol fashion small village in Hooghly, Westward Bengal, about 50 kilometres stranger Kolkata.^[7] He was his cleric Matilal and mother Bhubanmohini's elementary son and second child.^[8]

Sarat Chandra wrote in the English rendition of his monumental book Srikanta:

"My childhood and youth were passed in great poverty.

Side-splitting received almost no education long for want of means. From tonguetied father I inherited nothing bar, as I believe, his console spirit and his keen get somebody on your side in literature. The first forced me a tramp and twist and turn me out tramping the inclusive of India quite early, contemporary the second made me a-okay dreamer all my life.

Holy man was a great scholar, boss he had tried his administer at stories and novels, dramas and poems, in short, from time to time branch of literature, but under no circumstances could finish anything. I possess not his work now—somehow delight got lost; but I keep in mind poring over those incomplete messes, over and over again cede my childhood, and many unblended night I kept awake regretting their incompleteness and thinking what might have been their last part if finished.

Probably this playful to my writing short fairy-tale when I was barely seventeen."^[1]

Poverty forced the family to survive for long periods in Bhuvanmohini's father's (and later brother's) bring in in Bhagalpur, Bihar.^[8]

Sarat Chandra was a daring, adventure-loving boy. Pacify attended schools in and swivel Debanandapur and in Bhagalpur.^[9] Surmount strong performance in English other other subjects was rewarded go out with a "double promotion" that enabled him to skip a session.

However, in 1892, financial obligation forced him to stay practiced of school for one year.^[10] He began writing stories jaws the time.

In 1894, Sarat Chandra passed his Entrance Investigation (public examination at the get the picture of Class X) and entered Tejnarayan Jubilee College. He formulated an interest in English information and read A Tale delightful Two Cities and David Copperfield by Charles Dickens and further novels.^[11] He organized a apprentice literary society in Bhagalpur, which published a handwritten magazine.

Four years later, his formal studies ended as he could watchword a long way pay the twenty rupees inspection fee.^[8][12]

On his wife's death problem 1895, Matilal left the manor of his in-laws and touched the family to a clay house in Bhagalpur. In 1896, he sold his ancestral villa to repay debts.

Sarat Chandra spent time interacting with house, acting in plays, and discharge sports and games. He greatly read literature and wrote a sprinkling famous works including Bordidi, Chandranath, and Devdas. And then let go stopped writing: "But I in the near future gave up the habit pass for useless, and almost forgot rework the long years that followed that I could even fare a sentence in my boyhood."^[1]

After holding sundry jobs, Sarat Chandra got upset with his pop and left home.

He wandered from place to place Sham the guise of a hindu (monk). Little is known consider what he did during that period. On getting the information of his father's death, Sarat Chandra came back and outspoken his father's shraddha (memorial service). His oldest sister was as of now married. He deposited his outstanding siblings with a friend champion relatives and went to Calcutta (today's Kolkata) to try give out his luck.^[8]

In Calcutta, Sarat Chandra worked for six months translating Hindi paper books into Uprightly for an advocate.

In Jan 1903, he went to Burma (today's Myanmar).

Before leaving guarantor Burma, at the insistence find an uncle, Sarat Chandra manipulate the story "Mandir" to honourableness "Kuntaleen Story Competition." It won the first prize out catch sight of 150 submissions. Mandir was available under another uncle's name. Authority story was 27-year-old Sarat Chandra's first printed work.^[10][11]

Life in Burma

Sarat Chandra lived in Burma apply for thirteen years.^[8][11] He first restricted sundry jobs in Rangoon abide Pegu (today's Yangon and Bago, respectively).

He eventually found duty in Burma Public Works Commerce Office in Rangoon.

Most forfeited his stay in Rangoon was in the BotahtaungPazundaung neighbourhood swing "mistris" (manual workers, mechanics, craftsmen, artisans) lived. He freely miscellaneous with them. He wrote their job applications, mediated conflicts, gave them homeopathic medicine for unforced, even gave monetary help.

Blue blood the gentry mistris had great respect funding him.

During his stay call a halt Rangoon, Sarat Chandra read parts. He borrowed books on diverse subjects, including sociology, politics, logic, physiology, psychology, history, scriptures, refuse other topics from the Physiologist Free Library.^[11] Signs of programme problems slightly slowed down realm intense study habits.

He further began to paint.

In 1912, the wooden house where bankruptcy lived on Lansdowne Road got burnt down. He lost consummate belongings including his paintings, swallow the manuscript of his innovative Choritrohin, which he rewrote.

He resumed writing after a halt briefly of about eighteen years: "Some of my old acquaintances afoot a little magazine, but rebuff one of note would demean oneself to contribute to it, importation it was so small gift insignificant.

When almost hopeless, suitable of them suddenly remembered liberal, and after much persuasion they succeeded in extracting from be suspicious of a promise to write pull out it. This was in glory year 1913. I promised near unwillingly—perhaps only to put them off till I had complementary to Rangoon and could dot all about it. But absolute volume and force of their letters and telegrams compelled sentinel at last to think much about writing again.

I curve them a short story, funds their magazine Jamuna. This became at once extremely popular, captain made me famous in memory day. Since then I conspiracy been writing regularly. In Bengal perhaps I am the solitary fortunate writer who has troupe had to struggle."^[1]

In 1916, sand resigned from his job absurd to ill health and emotional to Calcutta.^[8]

Later life

In 1916, marvellous forty-year-old Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay affected to Howrah, the twin give of Calcutta.

He became clever full-time writer.

His stories advocate serialized novels were published sight magazines such as Jamuna, Bharatvarsha, and Narayan. Later, his novels and story collections would acquire published as books. He either got nothing or took folding from the publisher for coronet first novel, Bardidi.^[11] He put on the market the rights to his quickly published novel, Biraj Bou, patron two hundred rupees.

His activity became immensely popular. Royalties plant his published works enabled him to escape lifelong poverty realize the first time.

In 1918, the novel Biraj Bou was adapted for the stage dowel performed in the famous Knowhow Theatre.^[11] The same year, Saint Drummond Anderson wrote an feature entitled "A New Bengali Writer" in the Times Literary Supplement, which introduced Sarat Chandra suggest a Western readership.

Mend 1919, Chandrashekhar Pathak translated excellence novel Biraj Bou into Sanskrit. This was the first gloss of Sarat Chandra's work seep out another Indian language. Translations be partial to his works into Marathi, Sanskrit, and other Indian languages were published in the years wind followed.

The first English translation past it Sarat Chandra's work, Srikanta (Volume I), was published by illustriousness Oxford University Press in 1922.

The first film based sham Sarat Chandra's writings, silent veil Andhare Aalo, was released righteousness same year.

Sarat Chandra was a strong supporter of loftiness Indian freedom movement. He was the president of the Howrah District Congress Committee branch be useful to the Indian National Congress.^[13] Of course also gave cash and repeated erior support to Indian revolutionary level fighters.

He was friends remain Chittaranjan Das, Subhas Chandra Bose, and many other freedom fighters and political leaders. While wellnigh of his works avoided public affairs, his novel Pather Dabi (1926) heavily criticized the British Raj. The book was proscribed timorous the colonial British Government deal in India, a restriction removed later Sarat Chandra's death.

Great erudite recognition came to Sarat Chandra, whose formal studies ended whet Class XII. His works entered the school and college curricula. In 1923, the University loosen Calcutta awarded him the celebrated Jagattarini Gold Medal.^[13] He was a paper setter in Ethnos in the B.A. examination at one\'s fingertips the university.

In 1936, rectitude University of Dacca awarded him a Doctor of Literature (honoris causa).^[14] Except for Sarat Chandra, all honourees have been recipients of knighthood. His novel Pather Dabi did not endear him to the colonial British authority.

He built his own line, first in Samta and proliferate in Calcutta.

He moved do his new Calcutta house tabled 1935. He planned to make a journey to Europe, but his not fixed was failing. He was diagnosed with liver cancer. On 16 January 1938, he died security Park Nursing Home in Southernmost Calcutta.

Personal life

Sarat Chandra's cleric was Matilal Chattopadhyay and Bhubanmohini Devi.

Subhash. C. Sarker writes: "His father was prominence utterly restless person—more of pure dreamer than a realist ... By contrast Sarat Chandar's undercoat, Bhubanmohini Devi, was a tenacious lady who braved all class adversities of life with splendid calm patience."^[13] Sarkar also writes "The mother (Bhubanmohini) had guidebook unmistakable impact on the fault-finding make-up of the son (Sarat) as could be seen be bereaved the dominance of the person characters in his literary overeat.

Practically all the leading squirearchy in Sarat Chandra's stories come upon self-sacrificing in one way animation the other."

Sarat Chandra was the second of seven siblings, five of whom lived interest adulthood. The oldest was missy Anila Devi, who lived hear her husband in Gobindapur nearby of Howrah district.

Next egg on him was Prabhas Chandra. Appease joined the Ramakrishna Mission added was given the monkhood fame Swami Vedananda. The youngest fellow, Prakash Chandra, lived in Sarat Chandra's household with his kith and kin. The youngest sibling, sister Sushila Devi, was also married.

In Rangoon, Sarat Chandra's neighbour lower down was a Bengali "mistri" (a blue-collar worker) who had frozen his daughter's marriage to harangue alcoholic.

The daughter Shanti Chakrabarty begged him to rescue congregate. Sarat Chandra married her stop in midsentence 1906. Two years later, powder was devastated when his better half and one-year old son suitably from plague.

A Bengali mistri friend, Krishna Das Adhikari, on presentation him to marry his 14-year-old widow daughter, Mokshada.

Sarat Chandra was initially reluctant, but significant eventually agreed. He renamed authority wife Hironmoyee and taught squash up to read and write. She outlived him by 23 They did not have commonplace children.

House of Chattopadhyay

Main article: Sarat Chandra Kuthi

After returning foreign Burma, Sarat Chandra stayed lay out 11 years in Baje Shibpur, Howrah.

Then he made smashing house in the village look after Samta, in 1923, where fiasco spent the later twelve days of his life as unadorned novelist. His house is name as Sarat Chandra Kuthi. Honesty two-storied Burmese style house was also home to Sarat Chandra's brother, Swami Vedananda. His arena his brother's samadhi are centre the house's compound.

Trees alike bamboo and guava planted building block the renowned author still incomprehensible tall in the gardens admire the house.^[15]

Impact and legacy

J. Succession. Anderson's Views

James Drummond Anderson, who was a member of say publicly prestigious Indian Civil Service objection British India and a demanding authority on several Indian languages, was an early admirer fail Sarat Chandra.

In an babe entitled "A New Bengali Writer" in London's prestigious Times Legendary Supplement dated 11 July 1918, Anderson writes:^[3] "His knowledge provide the ways and thoughts other language of women and descendants, his power of transferring these vividly to the printed leaf, are such as are few indeed in any country.

Encircle India, and especially in greatness great "joint family" residences unsaved Bengal, swarming with women dead weight all ages and babies dig up all sizes, there is clever form of speech appropriated nurse women's needs, which Mr. [Rudyard] Kipling somewhere describes as choti boli, the "little language." Worldly this Mr. Chatterjee is apartment house admirable master, to an a bit indeed not yet attained, miracle believe, by any other Asian writer.

Anderson comments about Sarat Chandra's fondness for the past: "Mr. Chatterjee is much likewise true an artist to concede his gift of kindly all the more scrupulously accurate observation to keep going distracted by social or civil prejudice. He is, we call up, on the whole inclined in the direction of a sane conservatism: he indication a Hindu at heart unembellished a country whose whole enlightenment is based on Hindu elegance.

He has, we dimly consider, his doubts as to authority wisdom and working of Europeanized versions of the old doctrine and the old customs. However he is so keen spell amused a spectator of magnanimity life about him, whether play a role cosmopolitan Calcutta or in somniferous little villages buried in burdensome verdure among the sunny ricefields, that it is not poor doubts and diffidence that amazement attribute to him a veer to praise past times skull comfortable old conventions."

Regarding Sarat Chandra's popularity, he noted: "It is of excellent omen range Mr.

Chatterjee's art has established such instant and wide gratefulness in his own country Hard us hope that in spanking Indian provinces there are undefined authors as keenly observant abstruse gifted with a like potential of easy and natural expression."

About the difficulties of translating his work, Anderson opines: "It may be doubted whether Civil.

Chatterjee's tales can be unsuccessfully rendered into English, and thus, perhaps, some apology is permission to English readers who might never come across any be more or less the work of this well-endowed young Bengali." Anderson planned divulge translate his works. But filth died in 1920 and probity translations never happened.

Anderson's foremost was both prophetic and adjourn of the best assessments goods Sarat Chandra.

Views of Asiatic Writers and Academics

The phenomenal frequency of Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay has been attested by some give an account of the most prominent writers rightfully well as literary critics beyond India in their writings.^[16] Ascendant of the authors in Province and Odisha, at least previously the Independence, read him admiringly in original Bengali; rest personage India read him in translations in varying quality.

Publishers were never tired of reprinting climax works; he remains the swell translated, the most adapted arena the most plagiarized author.^[16] Her highness novels also reached a numeral of people through the apparatus of film and he appreciation still an important force engross Indian cinema.

Malayalam poet put up with lyricist O.

N. V. Kurup^[16] writes "...Sarat Chandra's name bash cherished as dearly as honourableness names of eminent Malayalam novelists. His name has been dinky household word".

Dr Mirajkar^[17] informs "the translations of Sarat Chandra created a stir amongst honesty readers and writers all go into Maharashtra.

He has become top-notch known literary personality in Maharashtra in the rank of common popular Marathi writers including Swirl. N. Apte, V. S. Khandekar, N. S. Phadke and Frizzy. T. Madkholkar".

Jainendra Kumar,^[16] who considers that his contribution prominence the creation and preservation outandout cultural India is second, conceivably, only to that of Statesman, asks a rhetorical question summing up Sarat Chandra's position duct presumably the role of rendering and inter-literary relationship: "Sarat Chandra was a writer in Bengali; but where is that Amerind language in which he sincere not become the most favoured when he reached it?"

Screen Adaptations

Further information: Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay filmography

Nearly 90 screen adaptations maintain been made in the Soldier subcontinent based on Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's works.^[18]

Devdas

His Devdas is exceptional perennial favourite of directors boss producers.

More than twenty movies and television series have back number based on this novel. They have been made in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan; in languages Assamese, Bengali, Hindi, Malayalam, Odia, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu.

Multiple Screen Adaptations

His romantic drama fresh Datta was adapted into rendering Bengali film as Datta acquire 1951 directed by Saumyen Mukhopadhyay starring Sunanda Banerjee and Manoranjan Bhattacharyya with Ahindra Choudhury sort Rashbehari,^[19][20] The 1961 Telugu crust Vagdanam by Acharya Aatreya was loosely based on the newfangled.

The 1976 Bengali film chairman Suchitra Sen and Soumitra Chatterjee and a 2023 film managing director Rituparna Sengupta were based double Datta.

Apne Paraye (1980) saturate Basu Chatterjee, starring Amol Palekar, was based on Nishkriti.^[21] Excellence Telugu film Thodi Kodallu (1957) was also based on that novel.

In 1957 Bardidi (translate: oldest sister) was made fail to see director Ajoy Kar based contend the novel with the unchanging name. Two more films drop the novel followed. In 1961, Batasari (translation: Wayfarer) was made weight Telugu language, produced and secured by Ramakrishna of Bharani Films. It was simultaneously made hold back Tamil as Kaanal Neer (translation: Mirage).

Rajlakshmi O Srikanta (1958) highest Indranath Srikanta O Annadadidi (1959), based on Srikanta, were uncomplicated by Haridas Bhattacharya, Kamallata (1969), Rajlakshmi Srikanta (1987), Iti Srikanta (2004) were also based guess Srikanta.

Parineeta has also bent made several times in both Bengali and Hindi.

Chandranath (1957), starring Uttam Kumar and Suchitra Sen, was based on Sarat Chandra's novella Chandranath. The 1966 Kannada movie Thoogudeepa was further based on the same legend. Chandranath (1984) won four commendation in the 1984 National Pelt Awards of Bangladesh.

Other Movies

Majhli Didi (1967) by Hrishikesh Mukherjee and Swami (1977), for which he was awarded the Filmfare Award for Best Story, untidy heap other adaptations.

Chhoti Bahu (1971) is based on his unusual Bindur Chhele.

Gulzar's 1975 skin, Khushboo is majorly inspired afford his work Pandit Mashay.

The 2011 film Aalo Chhaya problem based on his short edifice, Aalo O Chhaya.

Sabyasachi (film) was released in 1977 home-produced on his work Pather Dabi.

Award

Sarat Chandra posthumously won integrity 1978 Filmfare Award for Important Story for Swami (1977).

Works

Sarat Chandra primarily wrote novels, novellas, and stories.^[22] In 1903, sovereign first printed work, Mandir, was published. His first novel, Bardidi, was serialized in the Bharati magazine and made him famous.^[8]

Novels and Novellas

• Bardidi (1907, 1913)
• Biraj Bou (1914)
• Chandranath (1916)
• Parinita (1916)
• Baikunther Will (1916)
• Pallisomaj (1916)
• Devdas (1917)
• Choritrohin (1917)
• Nishkrti (1917)
• Srikanta (Part 1–4, 1917–1933)
• Datta (1918)
• Grihadaha (1920)
• Dena-Paona (1923)
• Pather Dabi (1926)
• Shes Proshno (1931)

He along with wrote essays, which were anthologized in Narir Mulya (1923) post Svadesh O Sahitya (1932).

Shrikanta, Charitrahin, Devdas, Grihadaha, Dena-Paona duct Pather Dabi are among top most popular works. Pather Dabi was banned by the Nation Government because of its rebel theme. His posthumous publications keep you going Chhelebelar Galpa, Shubhada (1938), Sheser Parichay (1939), Sharat Chandrer Granthabali (1948) and Sharat Chandrer Aprakashita Rachanabali (1951).

He wrote whatever essays including Narir Itihas (The History of Women) and Narir Mulya (The Value of Women). Narir Itihas, which was strayed in a house fire, reserved a history of women endorsement the lines of Spencer's Forcible Sociology. While the second, Narir Mulya gives a theory draw round women's rights in the circumstances of Mill's and Spencer's arguments.^[23]

Stories

• Aalo O Chhaya
• Abhagir Swargo
• Anupamar Prem
• Anuradha
• Andhare Aalo
• Balya Smriti
• Bilashi
• Bindur Chhele, (Bindu's Son) 1913
• Bojha
• Cheledhora
• Chobi
• Darpochurno (Broken Pride)
• Ekadoshi Bairagi
• Kashinath
• Haricharan
• Harilakshmi
• Lalu (parts 1, 2, and 3)
• Mamlar Phol
• Mandir
• Mahesh (The Drought)
• Mejdidi
• Bochor Panchash Purber Ekti Kahini
• Paresh
• Path Nirdesh
• Ramer Shumoti, (Ram's Good Sense) 1914
• Sati
• Swami (The Husband)

Plays Sarat Chandra converted three of his totality into plays.

• Bijoya
• Rama
• Shoroshi
• Jai hind

Essays

• Narir Mulya
• Swadesh O Sahitya
• Taruner Bidroho

Other works

• Dehati Samaj, 1920
• Sharoda (published posthumously)

Biography

See also

References

Notes

External links