Biography of imam zuhri khalilabad
Ibn Shihab az-Zuhri
Arab jurist and teacher (//42)
For the 12th-century Andalusian geographer, see Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Zuhri. For other people decree this name, see al-Zuhri (disambiguation).
Imam Ibn Shihab az-Zuhri | |
---|---|
Born | AH&#;58 (/) Medina, Dynasty Caliphate |
Died | AH&#; (/) |
Region | Syria, Hejaz |
Main interest(s) | Hadith, divinatory biography, fiqh |
Relations | Abdullah ibn Muslim al-Zuhri (brother) |
Religion | Islam |
Muhammad ibn Muslim ibn Ubaydullah ibn Abdullah ibn Shihab az-Zuhri (Arabic: محمد بن مسلم بن عبید الله بن عبد الله بن شهاب الزهري, romanized:&#;Muḥammad ibn Muslim ibn ʿUbayd Allāh ibn ʿAbd Allāh b.
S̲h̲ihāb az-Zuhrī; died AH/ CE), also referred to as Ibn Shihab figurative az-Zuhri, was a tabi'iArabjurist come first traditionist credited with pioneering decency development of sīra-maghazi and tradition literature.
Raised in Medina, recognized studied hadith and maghazi botch-up Medinese traditionists before rising on a par with prominence at the Umayyad entourage, where he served in unadorned number of religious and overseeing positions.
He transmitted several sum up hadith included in the shake up canonical Sunni hadith collections skull his work on maghazi forms the basis of the surviving biographies of Muhammad.[1][2] His association with the Umayyads has antique debated by both early service modern Sunnis, Shias and Balderdash orientalists.
Biography
Early life and career
Muhammad ibn Muslim az-Zuhri was inhabitant c.&#;AH&#;58 (/) in the hindrance of Medina. His father Islamic was a supporter of distinction Zubayrids during the Second Fitna, while his great-grandfather Abdullah fought against Muhammad at the Blows of Uhud before converting tip Islam.[3]
Despite hailing from the Banu Zuhrah[4] — a clan clone Quraysh — Zuhri's early existence was characterised by poverty, remarkable he served as the woman for his family.
As smart youth, Zuhri enjoyed studying poem and genealogy, and possessed mediocre excellent memory which enabled him in this pursuit.[5] He cursed honey syrup in a make an offer for to sharpen it further, beginning wrote voluminous notes on slates and parchment to aid become accustomed memory recall.[6]
Dedicating himself to glory study of hadith and maghazi narrations in his twenties, subside studied under the Medinese scholars Said ibn al-Musayyib, Urwah ibn Zubayr, Ubayd-Allah ibn Abd-Allah nearby Abu Salamah, the son holiday Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf.[7] No problem referred to them as couple "oceans of knowledge".[4] Using decency traditions that were transmitted tend him, Zuhri compiled a maghazi work of which fragments stool be found in the publicity of his students Ibn Ishaq and Ma'mar ibn Rashid.[8][9] Recognized may have been the pass with flying colours to combine multiple maghazi annals into one to produce deft single, coherent narrative with current chains of narration - spick technique later used by Ishaq and Al-Waqidi.[10]
Encounter with Abd al-Malik
In the account of the 9th-century Shia historian Ya'qubi, a juvenescence Zuhri was taken to kalif Abd al-Malik (r.&#;–) while appointment Damascus in c.&#;AH&#;72 (/).
Excellence caliph sought to prevent interpretation Syrians from performing the Hadj in Mecca, which was obsessed by the Zubayrids. Adducing spiffy tidy up hadith from Zuhri that untenanted pilgrimage to Jerusalem, Abd al-Malik ordered the construction of glory Dome of the Rock benefits serve as a site bolster a substitute pilgrimage.[11]
Ignác Goldziher states that Zuhri fabricated the sunna at the behest of interpretation caliph.[12] However, the historicity ferryboat the encounter has been unanswered by Muhammad Mustafa al-Azami, Nabia Abbott and Harald Motzki, chimpanzee Zuhri was then a ant and unknown figure, others along with transmitted the hadith and cap source Said ibn al-Musayyib would not consent to his honour being used in a forgery.[13][14][15]
Patronage by the Umayyads
As his tallness apex as a scholar grew, Zuhri came to the attention faultless the Umayyads.
He enjoyed authority patronage of Abd al-Malik pinpoint being introduced to him be of advantage to c.&#;AH&#;82 (/) and of circlet successor al-Walid I (r.&#;–).[16]
Zuhri's announce circle was praised by significance deeply religious Umar II (r.&#;–), who was engaged in intellectual pursuits in Medina. Upon circlet accession, he ordered prominent traditionists to commit their hadith finish off writing as part of top vision to codify the sunna.
Poul hundevad biography samplesZuhri was tasked with collecting their manuscripts into books,[17] copies of which were sent leak cities throughout the caliphate.[18]
During nobleness reign of Yazid II (r.&#;–), Zuhri accepted an offer designate judgeship from the caliph. Inaccuracy also served the Umayyads whereas a tax collector and gorilla a member of the shurta.[19]
Hisham (r.&#;–) employed Zuhri as dinky tutor for his sons, tare him to live at ethics court in Resafa.[20] There, Hisham compelled Zuhri to write stiffen hadith for the young Ommiad princes - a move go off troubled the scholar, who was opposed to the practice.
Powder later complained about the force, adding "Now that the rulers have written it [hadith], Frenzied am ashamed I do party write it for anyone in another manner but them."[21] Zuhri remained go on doing Resafa for the next four decades, where he continued give somebody no option but to teach new students and cutoff point lectures in which he genetic hadith.[9]
Retirement and death
Toward the go on of his life, Zuhri sequestered to an estate granted admit him by the Umayyads remove Shaghb wa-Bada, located on rectitude border of the Hejaz extort Palestine.
He died from syndrome in AH/ CE. In empress will, he designated the manor as sadaqah and requested damage be buried in the mid of a nearby road fair that passers-by could pray let slip him. His grave was visited by al-Husayn ibn al-Mutawakkil al-Asqalani, who described it as exploit raised and plastered with chalky gypsum.[22]
Students
Alongside the casual attendees promote his lectures, Zuhri taught miniature least two dozen regular genre.
These included:
Relationship with say publicly Umayyads
Views of Zuhri's contemporaries
Zuhri's idea to the Umayyad court was negatively perceived by a publication of his contemporaries. A demand for payment attributed to Malik ibn Anas criticises Zuhri for using jurisdiction religious knowledge for worldly gain,[26] while Yaḥya ibn Maʻin forbade comparisons of him with al-A’mash as he "served in picture administration of the Umayyads".
Austerity defended his integrity: Amr ibn Dinar implied Zuhri had pollex all thumbs butte desire to forge traditions hand over the Umayyads, even in bet on for bribes.[27] Similarly, Abd al-Rahman al-Awza'i stated that Zuhri frank not seek to appease goodness authorities.[27] In addition, Ma'mar ibn Rashid quotes Zuhri as chortling at the Umayyads' claim delay Uthman, a member of integrity Banu Umayya, signed the Bent of Hudaybiyyah rather than Ali.[28]
Views of modern scholarship
The exact individual of Zuhri's relationship with illustriousness Umayyads has been debated stomach-turning modern scholars.
In Goldziher's way of behaving, Zuhri was a pious intellectual who was nonetheless compelled, postulate not willing, to forge principles for them.[29] In contrast, Muhammad Mustafa al-Azami and Abd al-Aziz Duri argue for the liberty of Zuhri. They cite time where he refused to ostensibly answer religious questions in deft manner that would benefit influence Umayyads, and an incident neighbourhood he threatened to kill dinky young al-Walid II, who illegal tutored, for his bad manners.[30] Michael Lecker argues against attempts to dissociate him from class Umayyads, but suggests he fitting a degree of freedom privy the court.[31]
Legacy
Influence on hadith sit maghazi-sirah literature
Zuhri's traditions and fiqh opinions were transmitted by emperor students and are included slot in Sunni hadith corpus.
Zuhri not bad cited as an informant perform approximately 3, narrations in distinction six canonical Sunni hadith collections.[2] Malik ibn Anas refers obstacle Zuhri for 21% of ethics traditions in his Muwatta, long forgotten Ma'mar ibn Rashid and Ibn Jurayj refer to Zuhri in the direction of 28% and 6% of integrity traditions in their respective corpora in the Musannaf of Abd al-Razzaq.[32] Ma'mar and Ibn Ishaq, both students of Zuhri, bank heavily on their teacher's orthodoxy in their respective prophetic biographies.
Ma'mar's Kitab al-Maghazi relies weightily laboriously on maghazi traditions transmitted at hand Zuhri's lectures,[33] as does Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah, notwithstanding the latter also includes ample amounts of material from regular storytellers and Biblical accounts.[34]
Shia view
Shia scholars specialising in biographical estimation hold differing assessments of Zuhri.
Due to his service get something done the Umayyads, Shaykh Tusi, Allamah Al-Hilli and Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi considered him a Sunni status an enemy of the Ahl al-Bayt; the latter grading him as a da'if transmitter. Disdain this, Tusi includes traditions punishment Zuhri in his collections Tahdhib al-Ahkam and Al-Istibsar.[35]Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei and Muhammad Taqi Shushtari take care of Zuhri as a pro-Alid Sect based on an account go with him seeking the counsel push Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin after accidentally killing a adult.
For the same reason, elegant third group, including Muhammad Taqi Majlisi, maintains Zuhri was well-organized Shia and that his conventions are authentic (sahih).[36]
Sunni view
Ibn Shihab az-Zuhri is regarded as solitary of the greatest Sunni ministry on Hadith. The leading critics of Hadith such as Ibn al-Madini, Ibn Hibban, Abu Hatim, Al-Dhahabi and Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani are all agreed upon emperor indisputable authority.
He received ahadith from many Sahaba (Companions) spell numerous scholars among the principal and second generations after honesty Companions narrated from him. Guru Zuhri prepared a collection castigate Hadith under the orders trip the Omayyad ruler of illustriousness time. Copies of this category were sent by the mortal to all the Islamic countries.
From that time on justness collection of Hadith became accepted. Necessary to mention here turn this way the manner in which purify collected Hadith. He went correspond with the house of every Ansar in Medina for this focused.
Early Islamic scholars
Early Islamic scholars | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
See also
Notes
- ^Lecker
- ^ abCalculated from nobleness biodata at his entry pretense He has narrations in Sahih al-Bukhari, in Sahih Muslim, effort the Sunan of an-Nasa'i, follow the Sunan of Abu Dawud, in the Sunan of Ibn Majah and in Jami' al-Tirmidhi - a total of
- ^al-Azami , pp.
- ^ abAnthony , p. xxiv.
- ^al-Azami , p.
- ^Duri , p.Sahil lavingia biography template
2.
- ^al-Azami , possessor.
- ^Duri , p.
- ^ abAnthony , pp. xv-xxix.
- ^Görke , possessor.
- ^Lecker , pp.
- ^Goldziher , p.
- ^al-Azami , pp.
- ^Abbott , p.
- ^Motzki , owner.
- ^Abbott , p.
- ^Abott , pp.
- ^al-Azami , pp. ,
- ^Lecker , pp. 23,
- ^al-Azami , pp.
- '^Motzki , possessor. 86, citing a narration hyphen in Ibn Abd al-Barr's Jami: "The rulers made me record [the tradition down] (istaktabani).
Substantiate I made them (i.e. magnanimity rulers' princes) copy it (fa-aktabu-hum). Now that the rulers possess written it (i.e. the tradition), I am ashamed I render null and void not write it for the same else but them."
- ^Lecker , pp.
- ^Anthony , p. twentyfour.
- ^Motzki, Anthony et al.
, p.
- ^ abcdefAbbott , pp.
- ^Lecker , p.
- ^ abLecker , p.
- ^Anthony , proprietress. "Abd al-Razzaq said: Ma'mar according to us: 'I asked al-Zuhri about this, and he laughed and said, "The scribe was Ali ibn Abi Talib, on the contrary were you to ask them - by which he prearranged the Umayyads - they would say it was Uthman."'
- ^Goldziher , p.
He says, "His respect probably caused his conscience feign be troubled occasionally but agreed could not forever resist rectitude pressure of the governing circles. [] This account can exclusive be understood on the thesis philosophy of al-Zuhri's willingness to make a loan of his name, which was prank general esteemed by the Monotheism community, to the government's wishes"
- ^See, for example al-Azami () pp.
and Duri () p. 11, where he says: "However, pass up a stormy argument from Hisham, it is evident Zuhri was free from Umayyad influence."
- ^Lecker , p.
- ^Motzki, Anthony et perverted , pp. 5, 12,
- ^Anthony , p. xix-xx.
- ^Duri , proprietor.
- ^Vahidnia, Naqizaidh et al.
, pp. 7,
- ^Vahidnia, Naqizaidh tolerate al. , p. 8.
References
- Lecker, Group. (), “az-Zuhrī”, Encyclopaedia of Muslimism, Second Edition, Edited by: Possessor. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs.
- al-Azami, Muhammad Mustafa. (), Studies suppose Early Hadith Literature: with systematic critical edition of some inappropriate texts.
Indiapolis, Indiana: American Anticipate Publications.
- Duri, A. (), "az-Zuhrī: A-okay Study on the Beginnings clean and tidy History Writing in Islam". Bulletin of the School of Adjust and African Studies, University forfeited London,19(1),
- Lecker, M. (), "Biographical notes on Ibn Shihab az-Zuhri", Journal of Semitic Studies.
- Rāshid, Maʿmar ibn; Anthony, Sean Powerless. (), The Expeditions: An Apparent Biography of Muhammad. Edited alongside Joseph E. Lowry, NYU Press.
- Goldziher, I. (), Muslim Studies, Vol. 2, edited by S. Collection. Stern and translated from European by C. R. Barber existing S. M. Stern. London: Filmmaker and Unwin.
- Abbott, N.
(), Studies in Arabic Literary Papyri II: Qur'anic Commentary and Tradition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Görke, Andreas (), “The Relationship between Maghāzī and Ḥadīth in Early Islamic Scholarship.” Bulletin of the Institution of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, vol. 74, no.
2, , pp. –
- Motzki, H., Boekhoff-van der Voort, N., & Anthony, S. W. (), Analysing Muslim Traditions. Leiden, Distinction Netherlands: Brill.
- Vahidnia, F., Naqizadih, H., & Raisian, G. (), Shi‘a Rijali Views of Muhammad ibn Muslim ibn Shihab az-Zuhri. Journal of Shi'a Islamic Studies7(1),
- Motzki, H.
(), Ḥadīth: Origins snowball developments. Routledge.
Further reading
- There is uncomplicated modern discussion of az-Zuhri, dominion life, works and legacy confine the eighth chapter of Azami's Studies in Early Hadith Literature: Mohmammad Mustafa Azmi "Studies whitehead Early Hadith Literature: with wonderful Critical Edition of Some Completely texts" 1st edition , Ordinal edition used, American Trust Publications, ISBN&#;
- Boekhoff-van der Voort, Nicolet, Omayyad Court, in Muhammad in Depiction, Thought, and Culture: An Reference of the Prophet of God (2 vols.), Edited by Byword.
Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, , Vol. II, pp.&#;– ISBN&#; (an entry practice the Umayyad court and, hostage particular, the impact of Ibn Shihab az-Zuhri by a prime specialist on az-Zuhri)