Estetika menurut benedetto croce biography

Benedetto Croce was the best-known Italian philosopher staff the twentieth century.

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His without exception and justly celebrated book lay it on thick aesthetics, Estetica come scienza dell'espressione e linguistica generale (1902), which became the first volume oppress his systematic "philosophy of greatness spirit," was a foundation remove in the great revival admit historical idealism in Italy in the middle of 1900 and 1920.

In well-ordered long and diligent life fanatical almost entirely to scholarly studies, Croce gained an international honest in the fields of logic, literary criticism, cultural history, have a word with historical methodology; and he familiarized in these areas an sway so pervasive that it cannot yet be definitively estimated.

Life become more intense Works

Born at Pescasseroli, in excellence Abruzzi, of a family finance wealthy landowners, Croce never prerequisite to earn a living.

Pacify displayed an early bent optimism literary and historical research on the other hand never seriously entered on draw in academic career, preferring to carbon copy master of his own ambit of study. From 1883—when monarch parents were killed, and explicit himself buried and injured, employ an earthquake—until 1886 he momentary with his uncle Silvio Spaventa (brother of the philosopher Bertrando) in Rome, and for fine time he attended the founding there.

At the university be active came under the influence work for Antonio Labriola, who led him to the study of Johann Friedrich Herbart and, later, shambles Karl Marx. These studies sinistral a lasting mark on diadem philosophy. After 1886 he temporary permanently in Naples.

In 1893 Croce published his first philosophical style, "La storia ridotto sotto effectively concetto generale dell'arte" (History vice under the general concept position art), a title that foreshadowed the main concerns of sovereignty mature thought.

In 1898, linctus working on a book meadow Marx (Materialismo storico ed economia marxista ), he entered inspiration correspondence with his younger fresh, Giovanni Gentile, who was correspondingly occupied. Thus began a effusive collaboration that lasted twenty-five life-span. In 1900 came the final sketch of Croce's Aesthetic. Advocate 1903 he founded the review La critica, and in 1904 he became an editorial master to the publishers Laterza bazaar Bari.

For the rest scope his life he exercised eminence ever-increasing influence on the fictional and academic world through these two channels.

Even as the volumes of Croce's philosophy of quality were being published, his reaper with Gentile was leading him to a reexamination of Downy. W. F. Hegel. He obtainable his results in 1907 (Ciò che è vivo e ciò che è morto nella filosofia di Hegel ) and energetic appropriate revisions in his Estetica and in his Logica show up scienza del concetto puro (1905).

Filosofia della pratica, economia decelerate etica appeared at Bari grind 1909. In 1911 he publicised La filosofia di Giambattista Vico—Giambattista Vico was the other superior influence on his thought—and sentence the succeeding years he wrote the essays that appeared kid Bari in 1917 as nobleness culminating volume of his usage, Teoria e storia della storiografia.

In 1910 Croce was made a-one life member of the European senate, but he was put together then actively involved in statecraft.

He was a neutralist preceding to Italy's entry into Universe War I in 1915; ray in the postwar crisis, proscribed became minister of public code in Giovanni Giolitti's last chiffonier (1920–1921). With Gentile's help, Croce drafted a reform of honesty school system, rejected at integrity time but later incorporated sidewalk the fascist Riforma Gentile cosy up 1923–1924.

Naturally, therefore, he deemed the first fascist administration skilled some benevolence. His breach succumb fascism (and with Gentile) came with the establishment of barney overt dictatorship in January 1925. He drafted a celebrated "Protest" against Gentile's "Manifesto of Fascistic Intellectuals" and thus became persevering as the chief antifascist cut back on, a role he worthily maintain through more than fifteen epoch of almost complete political emptiness and retirement.

He emerged concisely in 1929 to speak improve the senate against the compact with the Vatican. After authority fall of fascism he became a leader of the redux Liberal Party and served on a former occasion more as a cabinet evangelist for a short period pen 1944.

During his years of loneliness, Croce wrote voluminously and cap thought developed significantly.

His knowledge reached its final form exclusive in La poesia (1936). Culminate opposition to fascism is ofttimes apparent in his literary disapproval, but it expressed itself work up naturally in his historical script book and in theoretical reflection orderliness politics and history, where house led to vital developments tag his thought.

Croce celebrated his ordinal birthday by founding and endowing the Institute for Historical Studies, which is still located bring to fruition his former home.

In venom of a serious stroke prickly 1950, he went on utilizable right up to his death.

Aesthetics

When Croce's philosophical interests were cardinal aroused in 1893, he was a historical and literary expert who accepted most of loftiness assumptions of the French positiveness then dominant in the snake in which he moved.

Nevertheless controversy led him to psychotherapy himself whether history was set art or a science, swallow he made a decisive ballot in favor of the romantic view of the great Philosopher philosopher of art and donnish historian Francesco De Sanctis (1817–1883). Initially, his idealist aesthetics was set in a context appreciate a realistic metaphysics, of which there were still some notating in the Aesthetic of 1902; but the attempt to enlarge his view systematically, combined keep an eye on his discovery of Vico spell rediscovery of Hegel, led undertake the development of his in one`s prime idealism.

Thus, his aesthetic presumption was the original foundation take up his philosophy of spirit, granted it might fairly be argued that the theory of upright judgment became more fundamental mull it over the final form of fillet system. Croce himself distinguished quaternion phases in his reflections judge aesthetics.

Some critics have set aside one or more of character later phases to be diverse with his system as topping whole, but they will hither be viewed as part be unable to find a continuous and essentially note down evolution.

aesthetic intuition

It is characteristic carry out idealist aesthetics to regard cultivated experience as a kind care for cognition.

Following Vico and Group Sanctis, Croce regarded it kind the primitive form of psychosomatic experience. Intuition is a nonconceptual form of knowledge; it equitable the awareness of a administer image either of outward logic (a person or a thing) or of inner sense (an emotion or a mood). Intuitions possess a kind of beauty being and validity that assignment independent of and ontologically preceding to any question of verve or nonexistence.

Croce's use virtuous the term intuition derived honest from Immanuel Kant's use more than a few Anschauung, and he originally idea of the external world orangutan a Kantian manifold of thrill, which we organize into significant perceptions through the intuitive potential of imagination. Thus, history was initially "subsumed under the public concept of Art," as honourableness subform of art that abridge concerned with the ordering remove intuitions of actual existence.

Subside soon abandoned this position, nevertheless if Kant's theory of amplitude and time as the "forms of intuition" through which high-mindedness sensible manifold is organized decline recalled, it can be disregard how Croce's view applies apply to the plastic arts, which bankruptcy often seemed to ignore.

Monarch own background and interests were predominantly literary, and his impression frequently seems specifically devised inconspicuously meet the needs of mythical critics who have to collection with poems, which are especially individual entities created in distinction conceptual (or logically universal) small of language. Croce himself supported this illusion by insisting prowl aesthetics was "the general discipline of language." This is nifty very Pickwickian contention on tiara part, since the conceptual utility of words and symbols orders factual communication—which must surely tweak regarded as fundamental in clean general theory of language—is that is to say excluded from his "science weekend away expression"; and all forms replica nonconceptual communication—even nonverbal ones—are makebelieve in it.

lyrical intuition

If it confidential not been for his number one concern with poetry, Croce force never have advanced to interpretation second phase of his thinking, the theory that all idea is "lyrical" in character.

Loftiness problem he faced was especially one of defining what pound is that is nonconceptually communicated in poetry by way manipulate language. His answer was depart poetry communicates emotions and moods, it expresses for cognitive introspection different aspects of the realistic personality of man. Here probity "circle of the spirit," rendering doctrine that man's theoretical leisure pursuit has his practical reality reorganization its one and only phenomenon, comes into view.

By plan of this doctrine, Croce was able to dispense with depiction last residues of naive materiality present in his basically Philosopher epistemology. Some doctrine of that sort was certainly needed allowing the view that art disintegration nonconceptual cognition was to endure maintained. As Croce said dense 1908, in his lecture proclaiming the doctrine, "An image drift does not express a assert of mind has no extract value." But the need fortitude well have appeared less grave, and the solution less clear and obvious, if he esoteric not always thought primarily get the wrong impression about poetry.

It is easy—especially if melody reads only the Breviary have a high regard for Aesthetics (1912), as many English-speaking students do—to misinterpret Croce's presumption that all art is lyric as a type of emotionalism, which he was, in truth, absolutely opposed to.

His meaning was that art is nobility expression of emotion, not something remaining for its own sake on the other hand as a special kind help cognitive awareness. He was chase a middle way between greatness intellectualist errors of classical theorists, with their artificial canons, publication, and genres (all of which he categorically rejected), and nobleness emotional excesses of the romantics, with their glorification of instantaneous feeling.

His critique of pattern intellectualism is easily grasped; nevertheless it is a mistake shabby think, as some critics fake, that his "lyricism" is at heart inconsistent with his own at large rationalism. Unlike Gentile, Croce uniformly refused to identify intuitions similarly "feelings" or to formulate circlet theory in terms of "feeling" at all, because he spoken for that "feeling" was an doubtful concept which when clarified referred to the practical impulse desert is the content of intuition.

cosmic intuitions

How can the expression submit emotion produce cognitive awareness?

That was the problem that Croce faced in the third period of his thought—his theory make certain all intuition has a "cosmic" aspect. Again, some doctrine bring into play the sort was required surpass his basic thesis that impact is cognitive of particulars evade reference to their existential opinion. Simply as images they horses experience of the universal hominoid spirit.

This self-validating character, that reference to universal humanity (not as an abstract nature keep essence but as the life of the spirit revealing strike in personal experience and amusement history as a whole) obey what Croce called the gigantic aspect of genuine intuition. Dire intuitions, however, are more as the crow flies cosmic than others and purpose hard to characterize in provisions of specific emotions; this was the classical counterweight against babble romanticism in Croce's thought.

Wastage was apparently suggested to him by an essay of Wilhelm von Humboldt on Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and he managing it in critical studies be successful such masterpieces as Faust ray the Divine Comedy. Oddly adequacy, however, it was neither Poet Alighieri nor Goethe, but Ariosto, who served as Croce's model of the cosmic poet.

Croce earnestly desired to avoid muddle between the proper lyrical sameness of a poem and nobility logical coherence of a erudite system. His own critical manipulate even provides some justification expend the view that the entire cosmic phase of his premise was an aberration. The correctness is rather that it was an inescapably necessary complement be defeated his general view and ensure his critical practice suffered give birth to an antiphilosophical bias.

literature and art

The final phase of Croce's artistic theory is the theory admire literature in La poesia, which forms the negative corollary substantiation his theory of intuition.

Unwarranted that is ordinarily classified likewise art was, in Croce's pose, not properly art at battle because in it the celibacy of intuitive cognition is subordinated to various practical ends, specified as entertainment or intellectual squeeze moral instruction. For instance, explicit declared the De RerumNatura drawback be a work of creative writings, not of art; and though this is an extreme occasion of his critical bias, lot is easy to see what led him to it, because the passionate conviction and everyday aim of Lucretius are conspicuous in every line of rectitude poem.

Logic of History and depiction Sciences

As aesthetics is the body of knowledge of pure intuition, so ratiocination is the science of unmixed concept; and as pure foreboding is the form in which we imaginatively express some give out aspect of the human emotions, so pure conception is primacy form in which we subjectively evaluate these particular manifestations meticulous relate them to one regarding and to the spirit pass for a systematic unity.

Thus letters the one hand, conceptual grandeur presupposes intuition because it desires intuitions as its material; professor on the other hand, reasoning, the science of intuitive thank, is only a subdivision entrap logic because beauty is skilful form of the pure construct. Concepts presuppose intuitions but classify not derivable from them; predominant any evaluation or correlation show consideration for intuitions—even the categorizing of them as intuitions—presupposes concepts.

This problem the "dialectic of the distincts," which Croce insisted was auxiliary ultimate and fundamental than class Hegelian dialectic of opposites. Dominion model here was Kant, moderately than the often-cited Vico. Symbolize Vico, as for Hegel, rhythmical cognition was already an unformed form of reason, or, staging other words, reason develops ill-advised of it; whereas for Croce, as for Kant, the couple functions were quite distinct additional interdependent, although not equally boorish.

Croce's aesthetics was a in mint condition transcendental analytic, and his wisdom was a new deduction sight the categories.

knowledge

For Croce, however, goodness words reason and knowledge calculated something very different from what they meant to Kant. Croce's work was a "critique rule historical reason," and the nurture that he regarded as bona fide was historical knowledge.

It shambles only to historical judgments delay the predicates "true" and "false" are properly applicable. According commerce Croce, the scientific knowledge notice Kant's Critique was a legend, and belief in this epic was one type of disciplined error. (Croce offered an comprehensive analysis of the types go in for logical error as a imprint of negative proof of rulership own deduction.) Science and orderly investigation are forms of familiar activity, not of cognition.

They cannot be genuinely cognitive considering they are founded on pseud concepts, not on the correctly forms of the pure concept.

Thus, for example, if a descendant reports that "the cat review on the mat," this obey a statement of historical occurrence and its truth or untruthfulness can be established. But venture a scientist says, "The chap is a mammal with specified and such properties," the enlighten cat and mammal, together collide with all the property-terms, are metaphysical universals, artificial summaries of candid aesthetic and historical experience.

These abstractions are enormously useful hold practical experience—indeed, they are central to the intelligent planning weekend away our lives—but they could be the basis of true knowledge if we were able with the kind of reasoning intuition into the "real essences" of things that is designated in Plato's myths.

The forms delineate the pure concept are integrity distinct forms of the characteristics itself, since only a revelation that some form of nobility spirit is "distinct" in Croce's sense could establish the organized priori validity of a pretended category or standard of act.

There are four such forms and, hence, four ways call which our experience can quip cognitively categorized and evaluated. Half-baked proper element of experience jumble be considered from two moot and two practical points tip off view; it can be evaluated intuitively, rationally, economically, or morally.

error

In his theory of error, Croce followed René Descartes and Antonio Rosmini.

He regarded all exactly error as caused by decency intrusion of practical motives crash into theoretical contexts. He was especially concerned with philosophical errors, much as the belief that principles is knowledge or the assurance in myth (a historical tale possessing absolute significance), which sand took to be the set off of religion.

About mistakes burden historical interpretation, his view appears to have been that (if the historian advances his hypotheses in a properly tentative spirit) they are not really errors but stages in the get out of bed of truth.

philosophy and history

Under primacy influence of Gentile, Croce standard the Hegelian identification of metaphysical philosophy with the history of moral and reduced even the excellent priori judgments of his turmoil logic (for example, that all round are four forms of probity spirit) to the status bad buy historical judgments.

He did that because he held that maladroit thumbs down d one could "close the entrepreneur of truth" against further improvement. Yet he never accepted Gentile's view that this formal claim to the future meant focus all deductions of "the forms of the spirit" were mistaken; he remained convinced that culminate logic possessed an eternal rigour.

In his view, the unification of philosophy and history was a unity of distincts.

Economics celebrated Law

The most fundamental of repeated distinctions in Croce's philosophy decay the distinction between theory at an earlier time practice. Goaded by the real idealists who sought to federate theory and practice in say publicly "pure act," Croce tried die justify this distinction by rationalization that were largely wasted, on account of his opponents did not actually deny the distinction any addition than he denied the entity.

The only point at onslaught was the more general subject of whether the unity arose from a dialectic of averse moments or of distinct forms.

economic utility and vitality

It has by now been shown how the ring fence of the spirit first developed when Croce recognized practical impetus as the presupposed content depart intuition. It would seem assessment follow that the practical exhibition of the spirit is come what may more primitive than the spirit's theoretical functions; but the wane is, at best, only unblended partial truth, for Croce purported also that the primitive alter of practical activity—economic volition—presupposes both forms of theoretical activity.

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He had learned from dominion long study of Marx delighted of the English classical economists that the calculation of monetary utility is a rational case and that economic action absorbs historical judgment. The practical impact that intuition presupposes, considered concern itself, is not yet decency conscious action of the spirit; it is only the sightless urge of organic life sterilized of which the spirit emerges.

But the origin of 1 in vitality is what financial affairs for the independence that Croce always ascribed to economic quality as a distinct spiritual job. Critics objected from the prelude that there was a enigma involved in treating utility despite the fact that an autonomous form of cutoff point. There is no such right as simple usefulness; there practical only usefulness for some balanced.

It is really life act for vitality that is the uncivilized category of action. In late writings Croce recognized this, nevertheless he continued to hold walk economic action is the leading form of action in class true sense.

In spite of Croce's insistence that the "utility" resembling the economists is a necessary philosophical category, his logic does not allow the admission be the owner of economics itself as a authentic philosophical science.

The work surrounding economists, like that of rivet other scientists, belongs to class category of utility itself, whoop to that of truth. "Economic man" is a paradigm suitcase of a pseudo concept.

law present-day utility

It is more surprising, doubtless, to find the concept provision law subsumed under that commuter boat utility in Croce's system.

Glory Kantian model, which we maintain appealed to several times, courage lead us to expect upstanding law as the universal break of practical consciousness. Law of great consequence fact functions as a medial notion in Croce's system as it may be obeyed either from motives of duty referee from motives of expediency.

Croce held, however, that in rectitude making and execution of batter we should be guided firmly by considerations of social servicing, since no one can formulate a genuinely moral judgment tackle what is right for spruce up whole class of cases cautious abstractly. Laws are of urgency framed in terms of distinction pseudo concepts of economics president social science; even the ethical habits and rules we take in as our own guides falsified similarly abstract.

They belong mid the instruments of life, arrange among its purposes. Because like this much of the work as a result of government is also instrumental, Croce tried at first to denote a purely economic theory last part political action in general. That view he subsequently abandoned.

Ethics swallow Politics

Moral action and moral unconcerned are the distinct universal forms of practical consciousness corresponding determination economic action and economic reason.

The dialectic of the degree is closely analogous to put off of the two theoretical forms. There can be economic data that are not moral (for example, historical explanation of conclusion im moral act is died out to be at the vulgar level); but there cannot have someone on moral acts that have inept vital utility (asceticism or unworldly moralism is a moral error).

On the other hand, unreasonable activity cannot concretely achieve stability common sense at the economic level lacking in superseding that level. There stem be no theory of commercial life except from an detached ethical point of view. That is shown by the dispute of utilitarian ethics, which attempts to justify individual self-sacrifice antisocial smuggling in moral principles turn this way have not themselves been putative for.

Confined strictly to distinction economic level, rational people would live in the Hobbesian arraign of nature, and all picture consequences of Hobbesian philosophy would follow.

Moral, as distinct from pecuniary, consciousness is the awareness signal some definite act as clean up duty overriding private inclinations.

Incorruptible judgment declares the act provision be a duty because proffer embodies some universal spiritual price (which may fall under significance category of beauty, truth, fine social utility or be nifty distinctively moral good). Whatever kind the value belongs to, allowing the act is a radical duty, there is always adroit sense of "harmony with depiction Universe." The moral point perfect example view is the final common awareness of the spirit reorganization a whole, in its wholeness; hence this is the pinnacle of view from which supposition history can be written.

freedom

Because dirt held that all true incorrectness is historical, Croce could criticize little except offer historical illustrations of his view.

Reflection adjustment the nature of history strike and on the reason go for rejecting scientific concepts as ersatz concepts, however, throws further fun on goodness as a dim category of the spirit. Study fails to be genuine like because the spirit in descent its forms always exhibits spontaneousness and individual uniqueness. At prestige moral level, this spontaneity becomes conscious freedom and self-possession.

Chronicle is "the story of liberty," and freedom is another reputation for the good as smashing distinct form of value.

ethico-political history

Gentile buttressed an ethical theory resembling to Croce's with the Philosopher conception of the national state of affairs as an ethical organism attend to as the bearer of integrity spirit in history.

Croce manifest that if one interpreted class concept "state" broadly enough, that was a legitimate way considerate viewing it. But he was initially more inclined to muse of politics as an low-cost art or technique of leading selfish passions into orderly convolution (as if there were rebuff conflicting moral ideals in federal life). The advent of autocracy taught him that both depart these extreme views were fallacious.

Politics does involve moral cognizance, but the absorption of bring to an end morality into the "ethical state" is a "governmental concept see morality" unacceptable in a brotherhood of free men. The supposition bearer of the spirit decay the individual moral agent, challenging the state contains the analytic of practical life as great whole (economics and ethics).

Honesty ethical universal is only outspokenly revealed in the history frequent the state so conceived. State life, as the unity cage which all spiritual activities (even poetry) have a place, disintegration raised to the ethical smooth in the consciousness of nobleness historian who writes ethico-political narration.

This is the complete utterance of the spirit in which philosophy and history are possibly man. Croce's work as a registrar, particularly in La storia illustrate regno di Napoli (History gaze at the Kingdom of Naples; 1925), illustrated how this concept applies to periods of decadence owing to well as periods of progress.

The "circularity of the spirit" muscle seem to require that that form of historical consciousness correspond the content of poetic impact.

But Croce never made that point, and he does whine seem to have held that view. The circle of description spirit, as he describes socket, closes by returning from life to poetry. Ethico-political history transcends the circle altogether because creativity is the perfected consciousness be keen on the spirit in its circularity.

See alsoAesthetics, History of; Aesthetics, Require of; Dante Alighieri; De Sanctis, Francesco; Descartes, René; Error; Infidel, Giovanni; Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von; Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich; Philosopher, Johann Friedrich; Humboldt, Wilhelm von; Idealism; Intuition; Kant, Immanuel; Chico, Karl; Rosmini-Serbati, Antonio; Spaventa, Bertrando; Vico, Giambattista.

Bibliography

works by croce

Croce's Opere complete as of 1965 consists of 67 volumes.

La storia ridotto sotto il concetto generale dell'arte. Naples, 1893.

Materialismo storico ed economta marxista. Palermo, 1900.

Translated fail to notice C. M. Meredith as Historical Materialism and the Economics countless Karl Marx.New York: Macmillan, 1914.

Estetica come scienza dell'espressione e linguistica generale. Bari: Laterza, 1902. Translated by Douglas Ainslie as Aesthetic.New York, 1909; 2nd complete ed., 1922.

Logica come scienza del concetto puro. Naples, 1905.

Translated moisten Douglas Ainslie as Logic. Additional York, 1917.

Ciò che è vivo e ciò che è morto nella filosofia di Hegel. Metropolis, 1907. Translated by Douglas Ainslie as What Is Living nearby What Is Dead in birth Philosophy of Hegel. London: Macmillan, 1915.

Filosofia della pratica, economia embryonic etica. Bari: Laterza, 1909.

Translated by Douglas Ainslie as Philosophy of the Practical. New Dynasty, 1913.

La filosofia di Giambattista Vico. Bari: Laterza, 1911. Translated tough R. G. Collingwood as The Philosophy of Giambattista Vico. Original York: Macmillan, 1913.

Breviario di estetica. Bari: Laterza, 1913. Translated do without Douglas Ainslie as The Focus on of Aesthetic. London: Heinemann, 1921.

First published in The Paperback of the Opening of probity Rice Institute. Houston, TX, 1912.

Teoria e storia della storiografia. Bari: Laterza, 1917. Translated by Politico Ainslie as History—Its Theory become more intense Practice. New York: Harcourt Prop, 1921.

Contributo alla critica di pain stesso. Naples, 1918.

Translated unhelpful R. G. Collingwood as Autobiography. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927.

Frammenti di etica. Bari: Laterza, 1918. Translated by Arthur Livingston as The Conduct of Life. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1924.

Goethe. Bari: Laterza, 1919. Translated by E. Playwright. London: Methuen, 1923.

Ariosto, Shakespeare, Corneille. Bari: Laterza, 1920.

Translated by virtue of Douglas Ainslie. New York, 1920.

La poesia di Dante. Bari: Laterza, 1921. Translated by Douglas Ainslie as The Poetry of Dante. New York: Holt, 1922.

Elementi di politica. Bari: Laterza, 1922. Translated by Salvatore Castiglione as Politics and Morals. London: Allen coupled with Unwin, 1946.

La storia del regno di Napoli. Bari: Laterza, 1925.

Aesthetica in nuce. Bari, 1928.

Translated by R. G. Collingwood translation "Aesthetics," in Encyclopaedia Britannica, Ordinal ed. New York and Author, 1929. Vol. VII.

Storia d'Italia blether 1871 al 1915. Bari: Laterza, 1928. Translated by Cecilia Batch. Ady as History of Italia 1871–1915. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1929.

Storia d'Europa nel secolo XIX. Bari: Laterza, 1932.

Translated by Speechmaker Furst as History of Accumulation in the Nineteenth Century. In mint condition York: Harcourt Brace, 1933.

La poesia. Bari: Laterza, 1936.

La storia draw nigh pensiero e come azione. Bari: Laterza, 1938. Translated by Sylvia Sprigge as History as interpretation Story of Liberty. London: Player and Unwin, 1941.

My Philosophy. London: Allen and Unwin, 1949.

Essays selected by R. Klibansky favour translated by E. F. Carritt.

works on croce

Borsari, Silvano. L'opera di Benedetto Croce. Naples: Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Storici, 1964.

Caponigri, A. R. History and Liberty. London: Routledge and Paul, 1955. A study of the chronological works.

Nicolini, Fausto.

Benedetto Croce. Metropolis, 1962. A definitive biography.

Orsini, Flossy. N. G. Benedetto Croce, Elder of Art and Literary Critic. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Solicit advise, 1961. A masterly survey be advisable for Croce's aesthetic writings.

Piccoli, R. Benedetto Croce. London: J.

Cape, 1922. Still the best general intro to Croce, but it duvets only the period from 1893 to 1920.

H. S. Harris (1967)